Sulfate Remediation
Hepure provides biological treatment and zero valent iron products for remediation of elevated sulfate concentrations in groundwater.
About Sulfate Contamination
Elevated sulfate concentrations in groundwater can result from mining activities, industrial processes, and natural geological sources. High sulfate levels can affect water taste, cause laxative effects, and interfere with other remediation processes. The EPA secondary MCL for sulfate is 250 mg/L. Treatment approaches include biological sulfate reduction and abiotic reduction with zero valent iron.
Biological Sulfate Reduction
Under anaerobic conditions, sulfate-reducing bacteria convert sulfate (SO4²⁻) to sulfide (S²⁻), which can then precipitate as metal sulfides. Hepure’s emulsified vegetable oil and sodium lactate provide the electron donors needed to sustain sulfate-reducing microbial communities.
Zero Valent Iron
Ferox ZVI can contribute to sulfate reduction in the subsurface through both direct abiotic pathways and by creating conditions favorable for biological sulfate reduction. ZVI is often used in PRBs at mining-impacted sites.
Hepure Sulfate Treatment Products
- Emulsified Vegetable Oil — electron donor for sulfate-reducing bacteria
- Sodium Lactate — fast-release electron donor
- Ferox ZVI — abiotic reduction and PRB media
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